Tropical Gnatcatcher
A species of Gnatcatchers Scientific name : Polioptila plumbea Genus : Gnatcatchers
Tropical Gnatcatcher, A species of Gnatcatchers
Botanical name: Polioptila plumbea
Genus: Gnatcatchers
Content
Description General Info
Description
The adult tropical gnatcatcher is 10 to 12 cm (3.9–4.7 in) long, and weighs 6 to 8 g (0.21–0.28 oz). Its "jizz" is similar to that of other gnatcatchers; a small bird with a relatively long thin bill, a long frequently cocked tail, grey upperparts and whitish underparts. The central rectrices are black, while the outer are white (consequently, the tail appears primarily black from above, white from below), and there is a white patch in the wing (caused by broad white edging to the tertials). Males of the nominate group have a contrasting black cap that reaches just below the eye, while this is lacking in females, which instead have a grey cap (same colour as back). Some females have an irregular black post-ocular patch. This is especially prominent in female of the subspecies atricapilla from north-eastern Brazil. Males of the white-browed gnatcatcher (bilineata group) resemble males of the nominate group, but the white of their underparts extends clearly above the eye, resulting in a more restricted black cap, which, however, often is connected with a fine black line from the nape to the rear of the eye. Females resemble males, but with the black of the cap replaced by grey, except for an irregular black patch in the post-ocular region (lacking in some females). As the white in both sexes extends above the eye, they appear rather "white-browed" (unlike the nominate group), resulting in the common name proposed for this group if considered a separate species. The final group, which only includes the taxon maior (the so-called Marañón gnatcatcher), is distinctive. Males resemble males of the nominate group, but, except for their white forecrown, females resemble males of the bilineata group. Juveniles of all groups resemble females. The tropical gnatcatcher has a thin buzzy gezzz call and a trilled swee see see si si si su su song. However, exact structure and tone of the voice varies greatly over its range. 
Size
12 cm
Feeding Habits
Tropical Gnatcatcher primarily consumes small arthropods and spiders. It forages actively in foliage and on tree bark, gleaning its tiny prey with agility. This bird species exhibits a specialized diet catering to diminutive invertebrates, showing a preference for hunting during the day.
Habitat
The tropical Gnatcatcher resides in a variety of environments, such as forest edges, overgrown pastures, and different forms of agricultural lands like coffee plantations. It can also be found in various forest types including mature and seasonally flooded rainforests, second-growth forests, and arid regions with scrub or savanna vegetation. This species is adapted to coastal ecosystems as well, inhabiting mangroves. It primarily occupies ecoregions with moist and dry forests, as well as xeric shrublands and savannas across the tropical latitudes, usually staying below 1000 meters in elevation.
Dite type
Insectivorous
General Info
Distribution Area
The nominate group if found from north-eastern Brazil (the Caatinga region), west through the Amazon Basin, and north to the Guianas, northern Venezuela and northern Colombia (including the valleys of Magdalena and Cauca). The bilineata group is found from north-western Peru, through the Chocó and Central America, to southern Mexico. The Marañón gnatcatcher is restricted to the Marañón valley in northern Peru. Both the nominate and the bilineata group are found in a wide range of wooded habitats, ranging from the arid woodland and scrub (such as the Caatinga in Brazil) to humid forest (such as the various types of humid forest in the Amazon). They are mainly found in lowlands below an altitude of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), but the taxon maior, which is restricted to dry woodland and scrub, is found at altitudes of 200 to 2,700 m (660–8,860 ft). In dense humid forest, it is typically found at canopy height, but it is commonly seen a lower levels in more open habitats. The tropical gnatcatcher gleans spiders and their eggs, beetles, caterpillars and other insects from outer twigs and foliage. Moving about alone or in pairs, it often joins mixed-species feeding flocks with tanagers, New World warblers and honeycreepers. The nest is a small cup like that of a hummingbird, constructed from vegetable fibres 6.5 to 28 ft (2.0–8.5 m) high on a tree branch. The female lays two or three brown-spotted white eggs in May and June. This is a curious bird and unafraid of humans; this behavior renders it vulnerable to predators however. Even omnivorous mammals as small as the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) will eagerly plunder tropical gnatcatcher nests in the undergrowth – perhaps more often during the dry season when fruits are scarce – despite the birds' attempts to defend their offspring.
Species Status
In general, this species is common and widespread throughout most of its range. Consequently, it considered to be of least concern by BirdLife International and IUCN. In the Amazon, this species is primarily associated with relatively open habitats (e.g. Várzea Forest), resulting in it being rather local. It may benefit from the opening of the forest caused by deforestation, at least as long as some stands of trees remain. The Marañón gnatcatcher remains common, but is restricted to a small region with extensive habitat destruction. Three other taxa with highly restricted distributions may be threatened, these being anteocularis of the Magdalena Valley (Colombia), daguae of the Cauca Valley (Colombia), and cinericia of Coiba Island (Panama).
Scientific Classification
Phylum
Chordates Class
Birds Order
Perching birds Family
Gnatcatchers Genus
Gnatcatchers Species
Tropical Gnatcatcher 
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